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| 1543 |
| | | Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes a book suggesting that the earth moves round the sun | |
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| c. 1576 |
| | | Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe builds Uraniborg, on the island of Hven, and makes it the world's leading observatory | |
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| 1582 |
| | | The new and more accurate Gregorian calendar is introduced by Gregory XIII in the papal states | |
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| 1596 |
| | | Tycho Brahe enters the service of the emperor Rudolf II in Prague, where he invites Johannes Kepler to join him | |
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| 1609 |
| | | Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbits | |
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| 1610 |
| | | Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun | |
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| 1613 |
| | | Galileo publishes his evidence, from sun spots, proving Copernicus right and Ptolemy wrong on the solar system | |
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| 1632 |
| | | The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture | |
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| 1655 |
| | | Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan | |
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| 1672 |
| | | Giovanni Domenico Cassini, working in the Paris royal observatory, calculates the distance from the earth to the sun and is only 7% out | |
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